中国式现代化问与答（五）——中国式现代化与文明互鉴

中国式现代化与传统文化

1. 中国式现代化同中国传统文化有何内在关联？

在五千多年文明发展中孕育的中华优秀传统文化，积淀着中华民族最深沉的精神追求，代表着中华民族独特的精神标识。只有植根本国、本民族历史文化沃土，马克思主义真理之树才能根深叶茂。中华优秀传统文化源远流长、博大精深，是中华文明的智慧结晶，其中蕴含的天下为公、民为邦本、为政以德、革故鼎新、任人唯贤、天人合一、自强不息、厚德载物、讲信修睦、亲仁善邻等理念，是中国人民在长期生产生活中积累的宇宙观、天下观、社会观、道德观的重要体现，同科学社会主义价值观主张高度契合。因此，中国式现代化深深植根于中华优秀传统文化。

中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化。物质贫困不是社会主义，精神贫乏也不是社会主义。我们不断厚植现代化的物质基础，不断夯实人民幸福生活的物质条件，同时大力发展社会主义先进文化，加强理想信念教育，传承中华文明，促进物的全面丰富和人的全面发展。中华优秀传统文化是中华民族的突出优势，是我们在世界文化激荡中站稳脚跟的基石，必须结合新的时代条件传承和弘扬好。

中国式现代化是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化。只有把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，把马克思主义思想精髓同中华优秀传统文化精华贯通起来、同人民群众日用而不觉的共同价值观念融通起来，坚持运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，才能正确回答时代和实践提出的重大问题，才能坚定历史自信、文化自信，才能确保中国式现代化行稳致远。

从历史进程来看，党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化新的飞跃，为中国式现代化提供了根本遵循。

2. 有外媒称，在一党执政的制度下，执政党决定了哪些传统文化可以实现“现代化”，有的文化元素如维吾尔族文化被定罪，另外的文化元素则被鼓励。请问对此有何回应？

中国式现代化深深植根于中华优秀传统文化。在五千多年文明发展中孕育的中华优秀传统文化，积淀着中华民族最深沉的精神追求，代表着中华民族独特的精神标识。中华优秀传统文化中蕴含的核心思想理念、中华传统美德和中华人文精神，是中华民族生生不息、发展壮大的丰厚滋养。

中华文明历史悠久，是世界上唯一没有中断、发展至今的文明。在中国现代化的过程中，十分注重对少数民族文化遗产的保护传承。习近平总书记曾指出，长期以来，对于民族文化，特别是少数民族的文化，我们容易产生认识局限。东西部发展客观差距和民族间发展不平衡的客观事实等，一定程度上造就了“民族的都是封闭的”“边远的都是落后的”定式思维，这是不科学的。因此，我们要更新认识，构筑“民族的就是世界的”、“边远的更是多彩的”文化自信，充分发掘民族地区的地域特色，用好民族元素。在保护和发展民族特色的过程中激发和释放民族文化的生产力，在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中贡献“民族文化力量”。

作为民族文化很重要的一部分，中国式现代化发展过程中十分注重对维吾尔族文化的保护和发扬传承。在处理涉疆工作时，坚持依法治疆、团结稳疆、文化润疆、富民兴疆、长期建疆，推动新疆各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展。制定实施《中华人民共和国文物保护法》《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》等法律法规，挖掘各民族优秀传统文化资源，推动“丝绸之路：长安—天山廊道的路网”、维吾尔木卡姆艺术、柯尔克孜史诗《玛纳斯》、维吾尔族麦西热甫成为世界级文化遗产。制定实施《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，保障少数民族能够使用和发展自己的语言文字，为传承和保护各民族优秀传统文化提供了必要的载体。制定实施《中华人民共和国教育法》《中华人民共和国高等教育法》等法律法规，持续加大教育投入，大力发展新疆教育事业，全面保障各族群众受教育权利。制定实施《中华人民共和国公共文化服务保障法》《中华人民共和国电影产业促进法》等法律法规，建设多层次公共文化服务体系，丰富各民族文化产品供给，推进了各民族文化现代化。

中国共产党坚持和发展中国特色社会主义文化，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，为中国式现代化提供正确文化方向和强大精神力量。全面建设社会主义现代化国家，必须坚持中国特色社会主义文化发展道路，增强文化自信，围绕举旗帜、聚民心、育新人、兴文化、展形象建设社会主义文化强国，发展面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

中国式现代化与对外开放

3. 中国式现代化强调了积极的开放战略，但中国在不断对外采取制裁与出口管制措施，这是否与中国的开放理念相悖？

中国对外采取制裁与出口管制措施，这一举措并不与中国的开放理念相悖。

当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，不稳定性不确定性显著上升，国际安全体系和秩序受到冲击，世界和平面临多元挑战和威胁。公正、合理、非歧视的出口管制，对于有效应对新形势下国际和地区安全风险与挑战、维护世界和平与发展的作用日益凸显。

长期以来，对外采取制裁与出口管制作为维护国际安全、防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散的重要实践，对世界和平、稳定与发展一直发挥着重要作用。但近年来，个别西方国家滥用制裁与出口管制，将其作为谋取一己私利的政治工具，甚至披着多边主义画皮搞伪多边主义，严重损害了其他国家和平利用出口管制物项和开展国际科技交流合作的权利。

近年来，滥用对外制裁与出口管制措施已成为以美国为代表的个别国家实现政治目标的工具，对所谓的“敌人”和“对手”国家极限施压，甚至是第三方国家也难逃其“长臂管辖”，这些做法给他国的可持续发展造成严重影响。

中国作为负责任大国，始终站在人类进步的一边，站在国际公平正义的一边，站在所有爱好和平的国家和人民一边，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序和以《联合国宪章》为基础的国际关系基本准则，致力于促进世界和平与发展。中国一贯以总体国家安全观为根本遵循，统筹自身安全和共同安全，积极履行防扩散等国际义务，努力建设与自身国际地位相称、同国家安全和利益相适应的出口管制体系，出台和完善了包括《出口管制法》在内的一系列法律法规。同时，中国长期坚定支持和遵守联合国安理会第1540号决议等联合国框架下的机制决议。在中国的倡议下，2021年12月，第七十六届联大通过“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议。此外，中国还聚焦出口管制双多边交流与合作，坚持共商共建共享原则，积极与出口管制相关多边机制开展交流对话，促进出口管制物项合规贸易，为提升国际出口管制的公平性、开放性作出了中国贡献。

中国式现代化的翻译

4. 目前，“中国式现代化”官方使用的译文包括“Chinese path to modernization”和“Chinese modernization”。但外媒多用“the Chinese paradigm of modernization”“Chinese-style modernization”。请问如何理解官方译文？外媒的译文有何不妥之处？

官方译文表明了“中国式现代化道路”与“现代化”的科学辩证关系。世界上既不存在定于一尊的现代化模式，也不存在放之四海而皆准的现代化标准。现代化不是少数国家的“专利品”，也不是非此即彼的“单选题”。一个国家走向现代化，既要遵循现代化一般规律，更要立足本国国情，具有本国特色。什么样的现代化最适合自己，本国人民最有发言权。发展中国家有权利也有能力基于自身国情自主探索各具特色的现代化之路。要坚持把国家发展和民族进步的主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中，尊重和支持各国人民对发展道路的自主选择，共同绘就百花齐放的人类社会现代化新图景。

现代化有不同的道路——中国式现代化既不是欧美现代化的复制，也不是苏联现代化的翻版，而是具有中国特色的社会主义现代化。中国式现代化是人口规模巨大、全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、走和平发展道路的现代化，既基于自身国情、又借鉴各国经验，既传承历史文化、又融合现代文明，既造福中国人民、又促进世界共同发展，是我们强国建设、民族复兴的康庄大道，也是中国谋求人类进步、世界大同的必由之路。中国始终坚持正确的方向、正确的理论、正确的道路不动摇，不走改旗易帜的邪路；始终把自身命运同各国人民的命运紧紧联系在一起，努力以中国式现代化新成就为世界发展提供新机遇，为人类对现代化道路的探索提供新助力，为人类社会现代化理论和实践创新作出新贡献。

外国媒体译文中存在的以上两种译法，混淆了人类社会现代化道路的普遍性和各国现代化道路的特殊性之间的关系，其前提是将某一国家或地区的特定的模式作为唯一范式，而与其他国家或地区的现代化道路对立起来，乃至否定世界走向现代化道路必然呈现出多样性的这一客观现实。因此外媒译法容易导致对“现代化”这一概念的误用，以及对中国式现代化基本内涵的误读。

Chinese Modernization and Traditional Culture

1. Question: What is the intrinsic connection between Chinese modernization and traditional Chinese culture?

Answer: The fine traditional Chinese culture, nurtured in the civilization development for more than five thousand years, embodies the deepest spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation and represents its unique spiritual identity. Only when rooted in the fertile soil of the history and culture of China can we make sure the tree of Marxist truth grows deep roots and flourish. With a long history, the excellent traditional Chinese culture is extensive and profound, a crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese civilization. The concepts it contains, such as “the world is for the public”, “the people are the foundation of the state”, “govern with virtue”, “reform and innovate”, “appoint people on their merits”, “harmony between human and nature”, “self-improvement”, “great virtue carries all things”, “value trust and cultivate harmony”, and “be kind to your neighbors”, are important reflections of the perspectives on the cosmos, world, society, and morals accumulated by the Chinese people in their long-term production and life. These concepts are highly compatible with the values advocated by scientific socialism. Therefore, Chinese modernization is deeply rooted in the fine traditional Chinese culture.

Chinese modernization is one of material and cultural-ethical advancement. A shortage of goods is not socialism, nor is cultural impoverishment. While continuing to consolidate the material foundation for modernization and improve the material conditions for people’s well-being, we will strive to develop advanced socialist culture, foster strong ideals and convictions, and carry forward China’s cultural heritage. We will thus promote all-around material abundance as well as people’s well-rounded development. The fine traditional Chinese culture is the prominent advantage of the Chinese nation and the cornerstone for us to stand firm in the cultural turbulence of the world. It must be inherited and promoted well in conjunction with the conditions of the new era.

Chinese modernization is the socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. Only by integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, by connecting the essence of Marxist thought with the essence of fine traditional Chinese culture, by integrating it with the common values of the people that are practiced daily without knowing it and only by applying dialectical and historical materialism can we give correct answers to the major questions presented by the times and discovered through practice. Only in this way can we firmly establish historical confidence and cultural confidence, and ensure that Chinese modernization goes long and steadily.

From the perspective of historical progress, since the 18th CPC National Congress, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era. As represented by Xi Jinping mainly, Chinese communists have adhered to integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, establishing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. This has achieved a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, providing fundamental guidelines for Chinese modernization.

2. Question: Some foreign media claim that under the one-party ruling system, the ruling party decides which traditional cultures can achieve “modernization”, with some cultural elements like Uighur ones being criminalized, whereas other cultures are encouraged. What is your response to this?

Answer: Chinese modernization is deeply rooted in the fine traditional Chinese culture. This fine culture, nurtured in the development of the Chinese civilization for more than five thousand years, embodies the deepest spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation and represents its unique spiritual identity. The core concepts and ideas, traditional virtues, and humanistic spirit contained in fine traditional Chinese culture are the rich nourishment for continued growth and development of the Chinese nation.

The Chinese civilization has a long history and is the only uninterrupted civilization in the world that has developed to this day. In the process of Chinese modernization, great attention is paid to the protection and inheritance of the cultural heritage of the ethnic minority groups. President Xi Jinping once pointed out that for a long time, we have had a limited understanding of national culture, especially the culture of ethnic minorities. The objective gap in development between the eastern and western regions and the imbalance in development among ethnic groups have, to some extent, led to the stereotypical thinking that “ethnic cultures are inward-looking” and “the culture in remote areas is backward”. This is not ture. Therefore, we need to update our understanding, and build the cultural confidence that “the ethnic culture is global” and “the culture in remote areas is colorful”. We should fully explore the regional characteristics of areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, making good use of their cultural elements. In the process of protecting and developing the ethnic characteristics, we should stimulate and unleash the productivity of ethnic cultures, dedicating its strength to the journey of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects.

As an important part of the national culture of China, the Uighur ethnic culture receives great attention for its protection and promotion in the process of Chinese modernization. When dealing with Xinjiang-related issues, we adhere to the principles of governing Xinjiang according to law, stabilizing Xinjiang through unity, enriching Xinjiang with culture, and revitalizing Xinjiang through creating better life for the residents. To ensure long-term development of Xinjiang, we promote the unity and joint efforts of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang for its growth and prosperity. We have formulated and implemented laws and regulations such as the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, to explore the fine traditional cultural resources of various ethnic groups. All this has led to the recognition of the Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor, the Uighur Muqam Art, the Kyrgyz epic Manas, and the Uighur Meshrep as world-class cultural heritages. The formulation and implementation of the Regulations on the Work of Languages in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ensures that ethnic minorities can use and develop their own languages, providing a necessary vehicle for the inheritance and protection of the excellent traditional cultures of all ethnic groups. The formulation and implementation of laws and regulations such as the Education Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Higher Education Law of the People’s Republic of China have continuously led to increased investment in education. They have also contributed to the vigorous development of education in Xinjiang, and fully guaranteed the right to education for people of all ethnic groups there. The formulation and implementation of laws and regulations, such as the Public Cultural Service Guarantee Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Film Industry Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China, have built a multi-level public cultural service system, and enriched the supply of cultural products for all ethnic groups, and promoted the modernization of their cultures.

The Communist Party of China adheres to and develops the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, stimulating cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation, providing the correct cultural direction and a powerful source of inspiration for Chinese modernization. To build a modern socialist country in all respects, we must develop a socialist culture with Chinese characteristics and be more confident in our culture. In our efforts to turn China into a country with a strong socialist culture, we will focus on upholding socialism with Chinese characteristics, rallying public support, fostering a new generation of young people, developing Chinese culture, and better presenting China to the world. We will develop a national, scientific and people-oriented socialist culture that embraces modernization, which fits the global stage and the future. We will ignite the cultural creativity of the entire nation and build a powerful source of inspiration for realizing national rejuvenation.

Chinese Modernization and Opening Up

3. Question: Chinese modernization emphasizes an active opening-up strategy, but China continues to implement sanctions and export control measures. Does this contradict China’s concept of openness?

Answer: China’s implementation of sanctions and export control measures does not contradict its open-up policy.

The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, with significant increases in instability and uncertainty. The international security system and order are disrupted, and world peace faces multiple challenges and threats. Implementing fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory export controls is increasingly important for effectively addressing international and regional security risks and challenges under the new circumstances, and for maintaining world peace and development.

For a long time, the implementation of sanctions and export control measures has been an important practice for maintaining international security and preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, playing a crucial role in world peace, stability, and development. In recent years, certain Western countries have abused sanctions and export controls, using them as political tools to seek their own interests. They even disguise their actions under the name of multilateralism, engaging in pseudo-multilateralism, which severely undermines other countries’ rights to peacefully utilize items being controlled and to conduct international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation.

Over recent years, the abuse of international sanctions and export control measures has become a tool for certain countries, represented by the United States, to achieve political goals. They exert maximum pressure on so-called “enemy” or “rival” countries, even third-party countries are not spared from their “long-arm jurisdiction”. These practices have severely impacted the sustainable development of other countries.

As a responsible major power, China has always stood on the side of human progress, on the side of international justice, and on the side of all peace-loving countries and peoples. China is committed to firmly upholding the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law, and the basic norms of international relations based on the UN Charter, and is dedicated to promoting world peace and development. China has consistently adhered to the overall national security concept, coordinating its own security with common security. It actively fulfills international obligations such as non-proliferation, striving to build an export control system that matches its international status and is compatible with its national security and interests. It has introduced and improved a series of laws and regulations, including the Export Control Law. At the same time, China has long been a steadfast supporter and adherent to mechanisms under the United Nations framework, such as the UN Security Council Resolution 1540. Initiated by China, the 76th session of the UN General Assembly adopted the resolution on “promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses in the context of international security” in December 2021. Additionally, China focuses on bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation in export control, adhering to the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. China actively engages in dialogue with multilateral mechanisms related to export control, promoting the compliance of trading controlled items, and contributing to the fairness and openness of international export control.

Translation of Chinese Modernization

4. Question: Currently, the official translations of “Chinese modernization” include “Chinese path to modernization” and “Chinese modernization”. However, foreign media often use “the Chinese paradigm of modernization” or “Chinese-style modernization”. How should we understand the official translations? What are the problems with the translations used by foreign media?

Answer: The official translations indicate the scientific and dialectical relationship between the Chinese path to modernization and modernization itself. There is neither a one-size-fits-all model of modernization, nor a universally applicable standard of modernization. Modernization is not the patent of a few countries, nor is it a single-choice question with only one correct answer. For a country to achieve modernization, it must not only follow the general laws of modernization but also base itself on its own national conditions and thus have its own characteristics. The people of the country have the say in determining what kind of modernization is suitable for them. Developing countries have the right and the ability to independently explore modernization paths with their own characteristics based on their national conditions. We must firmly grasp the initiative of national development and progress in our own hands, respect and support the independent choice of development paths chosen by the people of every country, and jointly create a new picture of modernization in human society where all flowers can bloom.

There are different paths to modernization—Chinese modernization is neither a copy of Western modernization nor a replica of Soviet modernization, but a socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. Chinese modernization is one of a huge population, of common prosperity for all, of material and cultural-ethical advancement, of harmony between humanity and nature, and of peaceful development. Based on its own national conditions, it draws on the experiences of other countries, inherits historical culture, and integrates modern civilizations. It benefits the Chinese people, and promotes common development worldwide. It is the broad avenue for building China into a strong and prosperous nation and realizing national rejuvenation, and the inevitable path for China to seek human progress and world harmony. China has always adhered to the correct direction, theory, and path without wavering, not taking the wrong path or changing the banners. It has always closely linked its own destiny with the destiny of the people of all other countries, striving to provide new opportunities for world development with new achievements in Chinese modernization. It works to provide new assistance for humanity’s exploration of modernization paths, and to make new contributions to the innovation of modernization theory and practice for human society.

The above-mentioned two translations found in foreign media confuse the relationship between the universality of the modernization path of human society and the particularity of the modernization paths of various countries. The premise is to take a specific model of a certain country or region as the only paradigm, opposing it to the modernization paths of other countries or regions, and even denying the objective reality that the world’s modernization paths will inevitably show diversity. Therefore, the translations used by some foreign media can easily lead to the misuse of the concept of “modernization” and a misunderstanding of the basic connotation of Chinese modernization.