“一带一路”问与答（二）——“一带一路”与经济发展

1．有数据显示，中国在“一带一路”倡议下已发放1万亿美元贷款，其中60%在去年遇到还款问题。请问共建国家债务高企无力偿还是否是由“一带一路”项目导致的？

没有任何一个国家因为参与共建“一带一路”合作而陷入债务危机。共建“一带一路”为发展中国家提供了享受经济全球化红利的途径，这项具有划时代意义的倡议，却遭到西方政客的频繁抹黑，西方执意把自身的殖民主义思维投射到中国身上。

2008年国际金融危机爆发以来，之所以发展中国家会陷入债务困境，美国、欧洲、日本也都出现程度不同的债务问题，根源之一是全球化陷入困境，世界经济贸易增长的黄金时代结束了。根源之二是美国对华贸易战和战略竞争破坏了全球宏观政策协调合作。根源之三是西方发达经济体为摆脱困境，实施了经济强刺激计划。其负外部性加重了发展中国家的债务负担。加之这几年受疫情影响，西方发达经济体大规模经济刺激政策引发高通胀，为抑制高通胀而采取的激进加息推动美元大幅升值，都加剧了发展中经济体的债务偿还压力。受近年来疫情、地缘政治冲突、全球经贸减速等因素冲击，发展中经济体经济增长的国际环境严重恶化。债务不断变大，GDP却在缩小，经济结构脆弱的国家很容易陷入债务危机。

中国不仅不是“债务陷阱”的源头，还是帮助广大发展中国家摆脱“贫困陷阱”的重要合作伙伴。金融危机过去的十年，中国对世界经济的增长贡献率年均超过30%。发展中国家欠中国的债务，一方面利率水平较低，如赞比亚在欧债市场发行的债券利率高达9.4%，而中国利率远低于这个水平；另一方面，对于国际组织建议的赞比亚债务重组方案，中国明确表示接受，并已经对赞比亚债务做了展期安排。但西方私人债权人不接受债务重组方案，使赞比亚债务安排陷入困境。纵观全球，发展中国家的债务绝对数额并不多，其债务负担更多源于西方国家宏观经济政策给他们带来的负面外部性冲击。

在面对一些共建国家债务问题时，中国提出了更加包容、更加灵活、更加创新的债务可持续分析框架，这有别于一些西方发达经济体过多追求财务回报的债务框架。由此可见，中国在努力从制度框架上帮助共建国家建立起融资发展能力，为解决相关国家债务压力提供支持，推动相关国家尽快解决债务压力。

2．目前，中国国内社交媒体上仍不时出现一种观点，称应该把援外的钱用在国内的贫困家庭和地区。请问如何评价这种观点？ 

援助国外和扶持贫困地区并不矛盾。

援外是中国对外交往的一种方式，是中国履行国际责任的一种方式，也是中国推动构建人类命运共同体的举措之一。中国援外是出于人道主义考虑。许多发展中国家贫困程度较高，许多国家面临着粮食短缺、水资源稀缺、医疗条件落后等问题。中国长期以来一直向发展中国家提供经济援助，改善了发展中国家民众的生活质量，帮助他们摆脱贫困。

中国援外的资金并不是来自国内的财政资金，而是来自中国的外汇储备。外汇储备是国家持有的外币资产，通过国际贸易合作获得。中国将外汇储备投资于国外的基础设施建设，不仅能帮助发展中国家提振经济，也能为中国扩大贸易提供机会。如果将外汇储备兑换成人民币并用于国内，就会形成人民币的二次投放，造成通货膨胀等后果，对中国经济产生负面影响。

而扶贫是为了实现共同富裕，缩小贫富差距，使全社会共享发展成果，提高国家综合实力，最终实现中华民族伟大复兴。党的十八大以来，中国把脱贫攻坚作为全面建成小康社会的底线任务，以精准扶贫、精准脱贫为基本方略，组织开展了脱贫攻坚人民战争。经过八年接续奋斗，现行标准下的农村贫困人口全部脱贫，绝对贫困得以消除，区域性整体贫困得到解决，脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，也为全人类减贫事业作出了巨大贡献。这是全世界有目共睹的。

中国既没有忽视大国责任，始终为发展中国家提供必要的帮扶和支持，改善发展中国家民众的生活质量，帮助他们摆脱贫困，更没有忽视国内民生福祉。脱贫地区已经走上乡村振兴之路，农村居民收入较快增长，生活质量持续提高。

3．有观点称，美国对大量参与共建“一带一路”中国公司的制裁将使第三方重新考虑与中企合作的风险，这将对中国提出的“第三方市场合作”模式带来挑战，请问对此有何回应？

作为开放包容的国际合作模式，第三方市场合作有助于中国企业和各国企业优势互补，共同推动第三国产业发展、基础设施水平提升和民生改善，有助于参与各方在此过程中实现互惠互利、合作共赢，实现1+1+1>3的效果。自第三方市场合作理念提出以来，中方已与澳大利亚、加拿大、日本、新加坡、英国等十余个国家签署了第三方市场合作文件，并在产品服务、工程合作、投资合作、产融结合、战略合作等方面形成了第三方合作的最佳实践案例。2022年2月，中法两国政府还签署了中法第三方市场合作第四轮示范项目清单，合作区域涉及非洲、中东欧等地。总体看，第三方市场合作取得的成果有目共睹，对第三国的经济社会发展发挥了积极作用，受到有关各方的欢迎。

经济全球化是时代发展潮流，“脱钩断链”“筑墙设垒”将侵蚀全球高效合作的根基，使国际社会为这种狭隘短视的政治行为付出巨大代价。近年来，美国出于遏制打压中国发展的一己私利，打着国家安全的幌子，大搞泛政治化、泛安全化，推出了一系列针对中资企业的制裁、管制和歧视性政策措施，违反世界贸易组织规则，破坏了国际经贸秩序。希望有关国家立即停止滥用国家力量对中资企业进行政治打压，立即停止干扰阻碍中外企业之间正常的商业往来，共同为包括第三方市场合作在内的国际经贸合作营造良好的发展环境。

4．有观点称，由于中国企业与“一带一路”共建国政治精英联系紧密，如果这些政治精英将其政治合法性与吸引中国投资的能力联系在一起，易影响中国企业形象，也为海外投资带来不稳定因素。请问对此有何回应？ 

长期以来，发达国家的发展援助往往附带政治条件，发展治理举措明显有失公正和平等。如美国倡导的印太经济框架，就是具有强烈排他性的“经济冷战”，是赤裸裸的地缘斗争、政治裹挟。而中国提出的共建“一带一路”倡议则与之不同，它不是地缘政治工具，而是务实的经济合作平台，是共商共建共享的联动发展倡议。

中国企业家大多是实干家，往往不善言辞，导致外界对中国企业存在一些误解。实际上，企业与政府建立稳定、高效的沟通对接机制，有利于项目的正常有序推进，对政企双方都有好处。放眼任何国家、任何地区，企业都无法在脱离政府监管与支持的情况下开展业务。在“一带一路”建设过程中，中国企业不断加强与共建国家协调，注重将企业的发展战略和合作国家的发展规划相衔接，确定项目建设重点和实施计划。中国企业始终按照市场化、法制化的原则开展各项合作，规范境外经营行为。除参与当地经济建设外，中国企业还着力履行社会责任，为改善当地就业、教育、医疗条件作出了积极贡献。

共建“一带一路”十年间，有关各方聚焦经济合作，以互联互通为重点，以互利共赢为目标，以优势互补为契机，持续为世界经济增长和各国共同发展创造更多机遇，并保持区域性全面开放，不以意识形态划界，不搞零和游戏。共建“一带一路”以区域经济发展与合作促进地区政治稳定与安全，弥合地缘政治分歧，已成为广受世界欢迎的全球性公共产品。

5．由于美国游说及其他因素影响，意大利已正式通报中方退出“一带一路”倡议，中方是否担心意大利“退群”对“一带一路”的国际声誉以及中意和中欧关系产生影响？

2019年3月23日，中意双方共同签署了两国政府间关于共同推进“一带一路”建设的谅解备忘录。意大利也成为首个签署这一协议的“七国集团”(G7)国家。共建“一带一路”合作文件的签署极大地激发了中意双方合作热情和潜力。5年来，双边贸易额增长42%，2022年达到近800亿美元。同时，中意双方还在经贸、工业制造、清洁能源和第三方市场合作等各领域取得了丰硕成果。共建“一带一路”已发展成为最受欢迎的国际公共产品和最大规模的国际合作平台，建设成果国际社会有目共睹。2023年10月，第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛在北京成功举办，包括意大利在内的151个国家和41个国际组织代表参会，形成458项成果，释放了团结协作、开放共赢的清晰信号，体现出共建“一带一路”的巨大感召力和全球影响力。

近年来，以美国为首的一些西方国家，出于遏制打压中国发展的政治目的，将共建“一带一路”的经贸合作政治化、安全化、阵营化，大肆炒作参与共建“一带一路”的所谓政治风险和经济风险，游说、施压、胁迫盟伴退出共建“一带一路”大家庭，对有关国家参与共建“一带一路”人为制造政治压力和经济压力。在政治极化、民粹主义等因素的催化作用下，对华合作以及参与共建“一带一路”正在沦为一些国家国内不同势力进行政治博弈乃至政治恶斗的牺牲品。

中方坚决反对抹黑破坏共建“一带一路”合作，反对阵营对抗、制造割裂。请有关国家停止造谣抹黑共建“一带一路”，停止干扰阻碍“一带一路”合作伙伴继续参与共建“一带一路”。

6．有分析称，“一带一路”个别项目存在未公开招标就“内定”等腐败丑闻。请问对此有何回应？是否存在因“腐败”问题而停滞的项目？ 

腐败是侵蚀人类社会的毒瘤，也是“一带一路”建设面临的现实挑战。“一带一路”建设涉及项目数量众多，类型多样，资金规模较大，廉洁风险多发。一旦产生腐败现象，不仅将直接导致成本增加，更会影响项目效果，最终伤害各方利益与合作意愿。

中国政府一直坚定不移地反对腐败和各种其他形式的国际犯罪活动，中国企业既遵守中国的法律，也遵守所在国当地的法律，更遵守国际社会通行的规则。当下，廉洁丝绸之路正在成为中国政府将反腐败国际合作与“一带一路”建设有机结合的创新探索。

从“一带一路”倡议提出伊始，中国就对腐败问题保持高度警惕，习近平主席也多次对外表达中国反腐败的清晰立场和明确态度。在首届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛上，习近平主席指出，要加强国际反腐合作，让“一带一路”成为廉洁之路；在第二届论坛上，他再次强调，要坚持开放、绿色、廉洁理念，坚持一切合作都在阳光下运作，共同以零容忍态度打击腐败。2019年4月，“一带一路”建设工作领导小组办公室发布的《共建“一带一路”倡议：进展、贡献与展望》，也通过专门章节谈及了廉洁丝绸之路建设。在第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛上，发布了《“一带一路”廉洁建设成效与展望》，推出了《“一带一路”廉洁建设高级原则》，建立了“一带一路”企业廉洁合规评价体系，就合作开展“一带一路”廉洁研究和培训达成一致。相关行动证明了中方建设廉洁丝绸之路的决心。

廉洁丝绸之路正式提出以来，已经在多个层面取得了显著进展。廉洁理念日益成为各方的共同价值追求，廉洁建设也成为推动“一带一路”健康发展的重要力量。中国与相关国家不断强化官方合作——中国已与包括共建“一带一路”国家在内的81个国家缔结引渡条约、司法协助条约、资产返还与分享协定等共169项，与56个国家和地区签署金融情报交换合作协议，初步构建起覆盖各大洲和重点国家的反腐败执法合作网络。同时，国家监委还先后同9个国家反腐败司法执法机构签署了10份反腐败合作谅解备忘录，反腐败执法合作体系不断完善。在政策引导和各方共同努力下，参与建设的企业，特别是中资企业，持续防控腐败风险，培育企业廉洁文化，其合规经营的意识和能力逐步增强。

1. Question: Data shows that China has issued USD 1 trillion in loans under the BRI, with 60% encountering repayment issues last year. Are the high debt burden of participating countries and their inability to repay caused by the Belt and Road projects?

Answer: No country has been caught in a debt crisis because of participating in the Belt and Road cooperation. The BRI provides developing countries with a way to enjoy the dividends of economic globalization. This epoch-making initiative, however, has been frequently smeared by Western politicians, who insisted on projecting their colonialist mindset onto China.

Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008, developing countries have been in debt distress, while the United States, Europe, and Japan have also experienced varying degrees of debt problems. One of the root causes is the crisis in globalization, marking the end of the golden era of global economic and trade growth. The second root cause is the U.S. trade war and strategic competition against China, which have undermined global macroeconomic policy coordination and cooperation. The third root cause is that Western developed economies, in an attempt to escape their own predicaments, have implemented strong economic stimulus plans. The negative externalities of these plans have exacerbated the debt burdens of developing countries. In recent years, the large-scale economic stimulus policies in Western developed economies in response to the pandemic have led to high inflation, and the aggressive interest rate hikes to curb this inflation have driven significant appreciation of the USD. These have all exacerbated the debt repayment pressures on developing economies. Over recent years, the international environment for economic growth in developing economies has severely deteriorated due to the impacts of the pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, and the slowdown in global trade and commerce. As debt continues to grow and GDP shrinks, countries with fragile economic structures are very susceptible to being caught in a debt crisis.

China is not the source of the “debt trap”, but an important partner in helping many developing countries escape the “poverty trap”. In the decade following the financial crisis, China’s contribution to global economic growth has averaged over 30% annually. The debt owed by developing countries to China has relatively low interest rates. For example, the bonds issued by Zambia in the European debt market have an interest rate as high as 9.4%, while China’s interest rates are much lower than this level. On the other hand, China has clearly stated its acceptance of the debt restructuring plan for Zambia as suggested by international organizations. It has already extended the repayment period for Zambia’s debt. However, Western private creditors do not accept the debt restructuring plan, putting Zambia’s debt arrangement in trouble. Globally, the absolute amount of debt in developing countries is not large. Their debt burden is more due to the negative external shocks brought about by the macroeconomic policies of Western countries.

In addressing the debt issues of some participating countries, China has proposed a more inclusive, flexible, and innovative debt sustainability analysis framework. Such a framework differs from the debt frameworks of some Western developed economies that overly pursue financial returns. This shows that China is striving to help participating countries build financing development capabilities from an institutional framework, and China is providing support to alleviate the debt pressures of relevant countries and promoting the resolution of their debt issues as soon as possible.

2. Question: Currently, there is still a viewpoint on Chinese social media that foreign aid funds should be used for impoverished families and regions in China. What is your comment on this viewpoint? 

Answer: Extending foreign aid and supporting impoverished regions in China are not contradictory.

Foreign aid is a way for China to engage in international relations, fulfill its international responsibilities, and promote the building of a community of shared future for mankind. China’s foreign aid is driven by humanitarian considerations. Many developing countries suffer from high levels of poverty, facing issues such as food shortages, scarce water resources, and inadequate medical conditions. China, for a long time, has provided economic assistance to developing countries, improving the quality of life for their citizens and helping them escape poverty.

The funds for China’s foreign aid do not come from domestic fiscal funds but from China’s foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange reserves are foreign currency assets held by a country, obtained through international trade cooperation. When China invests its foreign exchange reserves in infrastructure construction abroad, it not only helps developing countries boost their economies, but also provides opportunities for China to expand trade. If foreign exchange reserves were converted into RMB and used domestically, it would result in a secondary issuance of RMB, causing inflation and other consequences, negatively impacting China’s economy.

Poverty alleviation in China is aimed at achieving common prosperity, narrowing the wealth gap, and enabling the whole society to share the fruits of development. It has enhanced the country’s overall strength, ultimately helping realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has made poverty alleviation a basic mission for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The country has adopted targeted poverty alleviation and poverty eradication as its basic strategies, and has organized a people’s battle against poverty. After eight years of continuous efforts, all rural poor people under the current standard have been lifted out of poverty, and absolute poverty has been eliminated. Regional overall poverty has also been resolved, and we have achieved a comprehensive victory in the battle against poverty. This has made a significant contribution to the global cause of poverty reduction. This is recognized worldwide.

China has not neglected its responsibilities as a major power. It has consistently provided necessary assistance and support to developing countries, improving the quality of life for people in these countries, and helping them escape poverty. Nor has it neglected its domestic welfare. Regions that have been lifted out of poverty are now on the path to rural revitalization, with rural residents’ incomes growing rapidly and the quality of life continuously improving.

3. Question: There is a viewpoint that the U.S. sanctions on numerous Chinese companies participating in the joint construction of the Belt and Road will prompt third parties to reconsider the risks of cooperating with Chinese enterprises. This will pose challenges to the “Third-Party Market Cooperation” model proposed by China. What is your comment on this?

Answer: As an open and inclusive international cooperation model, third-party market cooperation helps enterprises from China and various other countries to complement each other’s advantages in joint promotion of the development of industries and improvement of infrastructure and people’s livelihoods in third countries. It helps all parties involved achieve mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, realizing the effect of 1+1+1>3. Since the concept of third-party market cooperation was proposed, the Chinese side has signed third-party market cooperation documents with more than ten countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. Best practice have been formed in areas such as product services, engineering cooperation, investment cooperation, integration of industry and finance, and strategic cooperation. In February 2022, the governments of China and France also signed the fourth list of demonstration projects for China-France third-party market cooperation, covering regions such as Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, and others. Overall, the achievements of third-party market cooperation are evident, and have played a positive role in the economic and social development of third countries, receiving a warm welcome from all relevant parties.

Economic globalization is the trend of the times. “Decoupling, breaking chains” and “building a small yard with high fences” will erode the foundation of global efficient cooperation, causing the international community to pay a huge price for such narrow-minded and short-sighted political actions. In recent years, the United States, out of its own selfish interests to contain and suppress China’s development, under the guise of national security, has engaged in excessive politicization and pan-securitization, introducing a series of sanctions, controls, and discriminatory policy measures against Chinese-funded enterprises, violating rules of the World Trade Organization and disrupting the international economic and trade order. We hope that certain countries will immediately stop abusing national power to politically suppress Chinese-funded enterprises, immediately stop interfering with or obstructing normal commercial exchanges between Chinese and foreign enterprises, and jointly create a favorable development environment for international economic and trade cooperation, including third-party market cooperation.

4. Question: There is a viewpoint that since Chinese enterprises have close ties with the political elites of the participating countries in building the Belt and Road, if these elites link their political legitimacy with their ability to attract Chinese investment, it may affect the image of Chinese enterprises and bring instability to the overseas investments. What is your response to this? 

Answer: For a long time, developed countries have often attached political strings to their development aid, making the development governance measures evidently unfair and unequal. For example, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework advocated by the United States is a strongly exclusive “economic cold war”, a blatant geopolitical struggle and political coercion. In contrast, the BRI proposed by China is different. It is not a geopolitical tool but a pragmatic economic cooperation platform, an initiative for collaborative development through extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits.

Chinese entrepreneurs are mostly pragmatists and often not good at expressing themselves, leading to some misunderstandings about Chinese enterprises by the outside world. In fact, establishing a stable and efficient communication and coordination mechanism between enterprises and the government is beneficial for the orderly and smooth progress of projects, and is advantageous for both parties. In any country or region, enterprises cannot conduct business without government regulation or support. During the construction of the Belt and Road, Chinese enterprises have continuously strengthened coordination with participating countries, focusing on aligning their development strategies with the development plans of the participating countries to determine project construction priorities and implementation plans. Chinese enterprises always conduct various cooperation projects in accordance with market-oriented and legal principles, standardizing overseas business operations. In addition to participating in local economic construction, they also strive to fulfill social responsibilities, making positive contributions to improving local employment, education, and medical conditions.

Over the decade of jointly building the Belt and Road, all parties have focused on economic cooperation, emphasizing connectivity, aiming for mutual benefit and win-win outcomes, and seizing opportunities for complementary advantages. The endeavor has thereby continuously created more opportunities for global economic growth and common development of all countries. Dedicated to comprehensive regional openness, it has stayed clear of ideological boundaries or zero-sum games. Promoting regional political stability and security through economic development and cooperation, and bridging geopolitical differences, it has become a globally popular public good.

5. Question: Due to lobbying by the United States and other factors, Italy has officially notified the Chinese side of its withdrawal from the BRI. Is the Chinese side concerned that Italy’s withdrawal will affect the international reputation of the BRI as well as China-Italy or China-EU relations?

Answer: On March 23, 2019, China and Italy jointly signed an intergovernmental memorandum of understanding on jointly promoting the Belt and Road cooperation. Italy also became the first Group of Seven (G7) country to sign this agreement. The signing of the cooperation document on the Belt and Road greatly stimulated the enthusiasm and potential for cooperation between China and Italy. In the past five years, bilateral trade volume has increased by 42%, reaching nearly USD 80 billion in 2022. At the same time, both China and Italy have achieved fruitful results in various fields such as economic and trade, industrial manufacturing, clean energy, and third-party market cooperation. The Belt and Road cooperation has developed into the most popular international public good and the largest international cooperation platform, with the achievements recognized by the international community. In October 2023, the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation was successfully held in Beijing, hosting representatives from 151 countries and 41 international organizations, including Italy. The forum resulted in 458 outcomes, sending a clear signal of solidarity, cooperation, openness, and mutual benefit, demonstrating the immense appeal and global influence of the Belt and Road cooperation.

Over recent years, some Western countries, led by the United States and driven by political motives to contain and suppress China’s development, have politicized, securitized, and demonized the economic and trade cooperation under the BRI. They have aggressively hyped up the so-called political and economic risks of participating in the BRI, lobbying, pressuring, and coercing allies to withdraw from the BRI, and artificially creating political and economic pressure on countries involved in it. Under the catalysis of political polarization and populism, cooperation with China and participation in the BRI are being affected by the political struggles and even political infighting among different factions within some countries.

The Chinese side firmly opposes smearing and sabotaging the Belt and Road cooperation, bloc confrontation, or creating division. The relevant countries should stop spreading rumors, stop smearing the BRI, and stop obstructing partners from continuing to participate in the initiative.

6. Question: Some analyses suggest that certain projects under the BRI have been marred by corruption scandals, such as “pre-determined” outcomes without open bidding. How do you respond to this? Are there any projects that have stalled due to corruption issues? 

Answer: Corruption is a cancer that erodes human society and is also a real challenge faced by the construction of the Belt and Road. It involves a large number of projects of diverse types, and significant funding, with frequent risks of corruption. Once corruption occurs, it not only directly leads to increased costs but also affects project outcomes, ultimately harming the interests and willingness to cooperate of all parties involved.

The Chinese government has always been steadfast in opposing corruption and various other forms of international criminal activities. Chinese enterprises not only comply with Chinese laws but also adhere to the local laws of the host countries and follow the commonly accepted rules of the international community. Currently, the Clean Silk Road is becoming an innovative exploration by the Chinese government to organically combine international anti-corruption cooperation with the construction of the Belt and Road.

Since the inception of the BRI, China has maintained a high level of vigilance against corruption. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly expressed China’s clear stance and firm attitude towards anti-corruption to the international community. At the First Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, President Xi Jinping pointed out the need to strengthen international anti-corruption cooperation, making the Belt and Road a Clean Road. At the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, he reiterated the importance of adhering to the principles of openness, green development, and integrity, ensuring that all cooperation operates transparently, and jointly combating corruption with zero tolerance. In April 2019, the Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative released the report The Belt and Road Initiative: Progress, Contributions, and Prospects, which included a dedicated chapter on the construction of the Clean Silk Road. At the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, the Achievements and Prospects of Belt and Road Integrity Building was released, and the High-Level Principles on Belt and Road Integrity Building was launched. The Integrity and Compliance Evaluation System for Companies Involved in Belt and Road Cooperation was established, and a consensus was reached on anti-corruption research and training cooperation under BRI. These actions demonstrate the Chinese side’s determination to build a Clean Silk Road.

Since the formal proposal of the Clean Silk Road, significant progress has been made at multiple levels. The concept of clean governance is increasingly becoming a shared value among all parties, and clean governance has also become an important force in promoting the healthy development of BRI. China and relevant countries have continuously strengthened their official cooperation. It has concluded 169 treaties with 81 countries, including BRI participating countries, covering extradition, judicial assistance, asset recovery and sharing agreements. It has signed financial intelligence exchange cooperation agreements with 56 countries and regions, initially establishing an anti-corruption law enforcement cooperation network covering major continents and key countries. At the same time, the National Supervisory Commission has signed 10 anti-corruption cooperation memorandums of understanding with anti-corruption judicial and law enforcement agencies in 9 countries, continuously improving the anti-corruption law enforcement cooperation system. Under policy guidance and joint efforts from all parties, participating enterprises, especially Chinese-funded enterprises, continuously prevent and control corruption risks, cultivate a culture of corporate integrity, and gradually enhance their awareness and capability of compliant operations.